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    5/5/2007

    京剧里的上口字和尖团字

    现在似乎越来越多的人觉得老戏里的上口字和尖团字跟普通话发音不同,听着别扭,是累赘,主张废除掉……
      
    殊不知,几十年前,懂不懂区分这些字,正是有文化的人和没文化人的差别,估计就像时过境迁的今天,和现代人用会不会说英文来衡量人有无文化是一个意思哈……唉,不知者不怪罪吧……
      
    据说,粤语受五四后白话文的影响比较小,因此保存了不少古音,甚至古汉语的语法……
      
    现代普通话里的声母jqx,在古汉语里似乎并不存在,那时也基本没有j、q、x、zh、ch、sh这样的声母。而普通话把跟jqx发音相近的很多以zcs做声母或其他声母的一些字,都演化成用jqx做声母,再把另一些zcs做声母的字念卷舌,变成zh、ch、sh。京戏终究是古中国的歌声,因此唱戏时尽量想多点唱出古音,也就是要分清楚上口、尖团字的原因。
     
    从字音上说,粤语里不发后鼻音,还保持了很多入声字,而在普通话完全抛弃了那些入声字,这些字在京戏里,多半就变成了所谓的“上口字”了。上学的学,粤语里念做“hok”,入声、团字。唱戏时,要上口但不能念成尖字。

    唱戏中说的尖字,是把原来以zcs为声母而北京话改以jqx做声母的字挑出来,还用zcs做声母念。而团字就是原来不是zcs做声母,而现在以jqx做声母的字。刚才说的学字,把声母h变成了x,就是团字。但是,原来zcs念成了zh、ch、sh的,并不强调再念回尖字,不过,在梅兰芳早年的很多唱片里,有很多他把“水”唱成"sui”这样的例子。
      
    学粤语对唱戏的好处就是粤语基本保持了很多古汉语的发音,只要知道粤语怎么念,尖团字一般就不会念错。京剧里的尖字,在粤语里都还是zcs做声母呢,而团字,粤语里的声母则很可能是khg等等……比方普通话数字的九和喝酒的酒是同音字,而粤语九念做gou,而酒念做zau,就是说数字九是团字,而喝酒就是尖字。
      
    老戏里的老生角色都是念韵白,要上口加尖团分明,因为他们扮演的角色都是过去的文化人。只有小丑小花旦这些没文化的角色,才满口京片子哈……而清朝之后,没文化的胡同串子们说的京片子越来越被推广,发展到今天,一帮不懂古中国文化的人来否定尖团上口也不奇怪了哈……

    Comments (4)

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    Nov. 3
    Picture of Anonymous
    道德生万物 wrote:
    不会粤语 河南河北话 俺们只有死记了
    May 14
    Picture of Anonymous
    道德生万物 wrote:
    学西班牙语好像对京剧没有啥帮助哈
    May 14
    不错,解释得挺清楚的
    8过,不会说粤语,学会河南话河北话,也能分清尖团,哈哈
    May 8

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